Regrowth of Neurons
By Larry Sosna
By Larry Sosna
Regrowth of Neurons
Regrowth of neurons… also called Neuro-Regeneration is one of the most complicated issues in the field of medical/science. The subject matter concerns the repair and regrowth of nerve cells called neurons. The long body of the neuron is called the Axon.
This issue is divided into two imperative groups…. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and the Central Nervous System (CNS) characterized by the brain and spinal cord.
PNS has a method of regeneration to the injured neurons followed by the quick release of white blood cells to fight infection. Schwann cells release neurotrophic factors, which enhance regrowth of PNS neurons in several ways. The Schwann cells prevent too much cytotoxicity, which is generally part of the healing process, but elicits far too much inflammation for regeneration to proceed normally. Schwann cells also set up tubes along side the damaged neuron. These tubes are even connected to the injured degraded PNS neuron and a host of healing biochemicals are release by the tube to stop neural degradation and provide healing repair to the affected injured neuron.
There are a host of outside interventions that can make this process go faster but I will save them for Regeneration of the brain and spinal cord, which please remember is still thought in many universities, even taught to this day, that CNS neurons cannot regenerate!
Regeneration and Repair of the Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord. There are two types of cells meant to serve and protect CNS neurons from injury. They are called Astrocytes and Glial cells. It may be hard to believe but there are many more astrocytes in the brain then there are brain Neurons and there are some 15 to 18 billion brain neurons. Normally, after an injury to brain neurons, astrocytes support neurons by providing antioxidant protection.
The Good the Bad and the Ugly
While the Astrocytes bring in many antioxidants to prevent free radical oxidative toxic damage to the brain neurons, they also over-react and allow for too much inflammation and cytotoxins from white blood cell production of Interleukin-2 and 6. This is called up-regulation of immune cell activity. It can destroy brain neurons faster then the initial injury to a brain or spinal neurons. This process brings about even more inflammation to try and carry away all of the dead cells, including neurons and astrocytes as well as white blood cell waste deposits.
Unfortunately, the brain is limited in size and to much inflammation causes intracranial pressure to the point where brain infarct is possible without making a surgical opening in the cranium to release the pressure….that is bad and the ugly.
How do we solve the above dire situation and bring about brain cell neuron regeneration?
In some cases, like bacterial or viral Encephalitis of the brain and spinal cord, many neurons can be killed or injured due to massive white blood cell proliferation. The white blood cells kill the bacteria and virus that causes Encephalitis, but the situation is so dramatic that in order for the brain to survive the infection killing neurons, the message which signals the white blood cells to enter the brain becomes so up-regulated that it cannot down-regulate to a normal response thus further killing both infected neurons and the infected brain cells both. Many people die from this berserk super up-regulated immune response stuck on full throttle. It is a vicious repetitive cycle.
We can stop this deathly cycle by giving the patient large intravenous doses of Gamma Globulin. Gamma Globulin consists of every type of antibody the human body can make. Scientists are not exactly certain how and why this has such a profound normalizing effect immunologically but it does. It is called Immuno-modulation to the normal setpoint.
In both Stroke patients and infection based Encephalitis of the brain, Immuno-Modulation to a normal set point is a must in order for neuron cell death to stop and for regeneration to begin.
Certain biochemical factors play a vital role to decrease astrocytes! Cyclin Kinase decreases astrocyte proliferation, increasing neuron function and recovery. Caffeic acid, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and cilostazol are all highly beneficial. They are considered essential to an improved condition by reducing astrocyte production. This treatment shows a decrease in neuron injury, the decrease in astrocyte high levels of production is associated with a more positive and improved outcome moving toward CNS neuron regeneration.
In 1984, I experienced a life/death illness called Herpetic Viral Encephalitis. It was misdiagnosed my Manhattans most elite doctors…virtually always fatal, I lived and due to the fact the death rate is so nearly complete I spent 3 years in bed and several more in a wheelchair. There was no internet, no smartphones, just a nearly destroyed brain with pain so blinding it felt as if two ice picks were being run through both eyes… and trying to escape by pushing through the back of my skull. Luckily for me the feelers I sent out daily… resulted in a call from Nobel prize winning doctor and scientist, Dr. Rita Levi Montalcini who won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of Embryonic Fetal Nerve Growth Factor in 1986. I was the first human to ever get shots of Fetal Nerve Growth Factor in 1988 to grow back and regenerate my damaged brain neurons. Then this magnificent woman became my mentor. I still live speaking to her shadow every day as she passed over at the age of almost 104.
Rita Levi-Montalcini’s discovery of a protein called ‘fetal nerve growth factor,’‘ which fosters the growth of nerve fibers and also plays a role in the brain and the immune system, is one of the most important steps taken so far toward understanding how the fantastically complex system of nerves is laid down and linked to the tissues in a developing embryo. Her account of the adventures leading to this discovery, for which she won a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1986, has a special contemporary interest. We now know her discovery is how the brain grows all of it’s neurons when one is an embryo inside one’s mothers womb until birth and sustains, protects and regenerates brain neurons if one is fortunate to be born with a large amount of FNGF . Thank goodness she was able to scale it up through a deal with a large cutting edge biotechnology lab in Montreal. They are the ONLY Lab in the world to this day that makes Dr. Rita’s original formulations.
We at AAI are indeed incredibly fortunate to be able to have access to her formulations at all times.
We combined her fetal nerve growth factors with very youthful blood levels of HGH (human growth hormone…levels that would be normal for the average healthy 16 years old. Eighteen months later, I was completely better in every way, brain regeneration wise, and in every other health manner. The addition of HGH was my inspiration as it has been known for many decades that it is HGH which mobilizes all of the fetal tissue growth factors such as cardiac tissue growth factor…to do protein synthesis and thus regeneration of the heart AND all other tissues contained within the human body. Without youthful blood levels of HGH (say blood levels normal for a healthy 26 year old to 30 year old) and credible levels of fetal nerve growth factor, regrowth of Neurons is unlikely in the extreme, BUT with these safe and effective blood levels of both regrowth of every type of Neuron is probably in and that brings amazing hope. The only Regrowth we cannot master yet is CNS spinal cord cut in half…but the army medical scientists are getting very close.
Imagine how old we would all look if we did not have adequate cell levels of epithelial (skin tissue growth factor) to regenerate our SKIN? So, just like hormones, as we age we lose our tissue growth factors…and if they cannot be replaced to the optimal level from exogenous sources we will all be subject to the ravages of age-related illness.
Gratefully, here at AAI we have all critical tissue growth factors available to you, our beloved family of clients.
Kindly, Larry Sosna
REFERENCES
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- Blakeley JO, Llinas RH. Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. J. Neurol. Sci. 2007;261:55–62.[PubMed]
- Marder VJ, Jahan R, Gruber T, Goyal A, Arora V. Thrombolysis with plasmin: implications for stroke treatment. Stroke. 2010;41:S45–S49. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, Smith K. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N. Engl. J. Med.2002;346:557–563. [PubMed]
- Howells DW, Porritt MJ, Rewell SS, O’Collins V, Sena ES, van der Worp HB, Traystman RJ, Macleod MR. Different strokes for different folks: the rich diversity of animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 30:1412–1431. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- Kettenmann H, Ramson BR. Neuroglia. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.
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- Ye YL, Shi WZ, Zhang WP, Wang ML, Zhou Y, Fang SH, Liu LY, Zhang Q, Yu YP, Wei EQ. Cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, protects mice against acute and late ischemic brain injuries. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007;557:23–31. [PubMed]
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- Chung JH, Lee EY, Jang MH, Kim CJ, Kim J, Ha E, Park HK, Choi S, Lee H, Park SH, Leem KH, Kim EH. Acupuncture decreases ischemia-induced apoptosis and cell proliferation in dentate gyrus of gerbils. Neurol. Res. 2007;29 Suppl 1:S23–S27. [PubMed]
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Regrowth of neurons… also called Neuro-Regeneration is one of the most complicated issues in the field of medical/science. The subject matter concerns the repair and regrowth of nerve cells called neurons. The long body of the neuron is called the Axon.
This issue is divided into two imperative groups…. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and the Central Nervous System (CNS) characterized by the brain and spinal cord.
PNS has a method of regeneration to the injured neurons followed by the quick release of white blood cells to fight infection. Schwann cells release neurotrophic factors, which enhance regrowth of PNS neurons in several ways. The Schwann cells prevent too much cytotoxicity, which is generally part of the healing process, but elicits far too much inflammation for regeneration to proceed normally. Schwann cells also set up tubes along side the damaged neuron. These tubes are even connected to the injured degraded PNS neuron and a host of healing biochemicals are release by the tube to stop neural degradation and provide healing repair to the affected injured neuron.
There are a host of outside interventions that can make this process go faster but I will save them for Regeneration of the brain and spinal cord, which please remember is still thought in many universities, even taught to this day, that CNS neurons cannot regenerate!
Regeneration and Repair of the Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord. There are two types of cells meant to serve and protect CNS neurons from injury. They are called Astrocytes and Glial cells. It may be hard to believe but there are many more astrocytes in the brain then there are brain Neurons and there are some 15 to 18 billion brain neurons. Normally, after an injury to brain neurons, astrocytes support neurons by providing antioxidant protection.
The Good the Bad and the Ugly
While the Astrocytes bring in many antioxidants to prevent free radical oxidative toxic damage to the brain neurons, they also over-react and allow for too much inflammation and cytotoxins from white blood cell production of Interleukin-2 and 6. This is called up-regulation of immune cell activity. It can destroy brain neurons faster then the initial injury to a brain or spinal neurons. This process brings about even more inflammation to try and carry away all of the dead cells, including neurons and astrocytes as well as white blood cell waste deposits.
Unfortunately, the brain is limited in size and to much inflammation causes intracranial pressure to the point where brain infarct is possible without making a surgical opening in the cranium to release the pressure….that is bad and the ugly.
How do we solve the above dire situation and bring about brain cell neuron regeneration?
In some cases, like bacterial or viral Encephalitis of the brain and spinal cord, many neurons can be killed or injured due to massive white blood cell proliferation. The white blood cells kill the bacteria and virus that causes Encephalitis, but the situation is so dramatic that in order for the brain to survive the infection killing neurons, the message which signals the white blood cells to enter the brain becomes so up-regulated that it cannot down-regulate to a normal response thus further killing both infected neurons and the infected brain cells both. Many people die from this berserk super up-regulated immune response stuck on full throttle. It is a vicious repetitive cycle.
We can stop this deathly cycle by giving the patient large intravenous doses of Gamma Globulin. Gamma Globulin consists of every type of antibody the human body can make. Scientists are not exactly certain how and why this has such a profound normalizing effect immunologically but it does. It is called Immuno-modulation to the normal setpoint.
In both Stroke patients and infection based Encephalitis of the brain, Immuno-Modulation to a normal set point is a must in order for neuron cell death to stop and for regeneration to begin.
Certain biochemical factors play a vital role to decrease astrocytes! Cyclin Kinase decreases astrocyte proliferation, increasing neuron function and recovery. Caffeic acid, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and cilostazol are all highly beneficial. They are considered essential to an improved condition by reducing astrocyte production. This treatment shows a decrease in neuron injury, the decrease in astrocyte high levels of production is associated with a more positive and improved outcome moving toward CNS neuron regeneration.
In 1984, I experienced a life/death illness called Herpetic Viral Encephalitis. It was misdiagnosed my Manhattans most elite doctors…virtually always fatal, I lived and due to the fact the death rate is so nearly complete I spent 3 years in bed and several more in a wheelchair. There was no internet, no smartphones, just a nearly destroyed brain with pain so blinding it felt as if two ice picks were being run through both eyes… and trying to escape by pushing through the back of my skull. Luckily for me the feelers I sent out daily… resulted in a call from Nobel prize winning doctor and scientist, Dr. Rita Levi Montalcini who won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of Embryonic Fetal Nerve Growth Factor in 1986. I was the first human to ever get shots of Fetal Nerve Growth Factor in 1988 to grow back and regenerate my damaged brain neurons. Then this magnificent woman became my mentor. I still live speaking to her shadow every day as she passed over at the age of almost 104.
Rita Levi-Montalcini’s discovery of a protein called ‘fetal nerve growth factor,’‘ which fosters the growth of nerve fibers and also plays a role in the brain and the immune system, is one of the most important steps taken so far toward understanding how the fantastically complex system of nerves is laid down and linked to the tissues in a developing embryo. Her account of the adventures leading to this discovery, for which she won a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1986, has a special contemporary interest. We now know her discovery is how the brain grows all of it’s neurons when one is an embryo inside one’s mothers womb until birth and sustains, protects and regenerates brain neurons if one is fortunate to be born with a large amount of FNGF . Thank goodness she was able to scale it up through a deal with a large cutting edge biotechnology lab in Montreal. They are the ONLY Lab in the world to this day that makes Dr. Rita’s original formulations.
We at AAI are indeed incredibly fortunate to be able to have access to her formulations at all times.
We combined her fetal nerve growth factors with very youthful blood levels of HGH (human growth hormone…levels that would be normal for the average healthy 16 years old. Eighteen months later, I was completely better in every way, brain regeneration wise, and in every other health manner. The addition of HGH was my inspiration as it has been known for many decades that it is HGH which mobilizes all of the fetal tissue growth factors such as cardiac tissue growth factor…to do protein synthesis and thus regeneration of the heart AND all other tissues contained within the human body. Without youthful blood levels of HGH (say blood levels normal for a healthy 26 year old to 30 year old) and credible levels of fetal nerve growth factor, regrowth of Neurons is unlikely in the extreme, BUT with these safe and effective blood levels of both regrowth of every type of Neuron is probably in and that brings amazing hope. The only Regrowth we cannot master yet is CNS spinal cord cut in half…but the army medical scientists are getting very close.
Imagine how old we would all look if we did not have adequate cell levels of epithelial (skin tissue growth factor) to regenerate our SKIN? So, just like hormones, as we age we lose our tissue growth factors…and if they cannot be replaced to the optimal level from exogenous sources we will all be subject to the ravages of age-related illness.
Gratefully, here at AAI we have all critical tissue growth factors available to you, our beloved family of clients.
Kindly, Larry Sosna
REFERENCES
- Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, Carnethon M, Dai S, De Simone G, Ferguson TB, Ford E, Furie K, Gillespie C, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Hailpern S, Ho PM, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lackland D, Lisabeth L, Marelli A, McDermott MM, Meigs J, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino M, Nichol G, Roger VL, Rosamond W, Sacco R, Sorlie P, Roger VL, Thom T, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Wong ND, Wylie-Rosett J. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association.Circulation. 2010;121:e46–e215. [PubMed]
- Blakeley JO, Llinas RH. Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. J. Neurol. Sci. 2007;261:55–62.[PubMed]
- Marder VJ, Jahan R, Gruber T, Goyal A, Arora V. Thrombolysis with plasmin: implications for stroke treatment. Stroke. 2010;41:S45–S49. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, Smith K. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N. Engl. J. Med.2002;346:557–563. [PubMed]
- Howells DW, Porritt MJ, Rewell SS, O’Collins V, Sena ES, van der Worp HB, Traystman RJ, Macleod MR. Different strokes for different folks: the rich diversity of animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 30:1412–1431. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- Kettenmann H, Ramson BR. Neuroglia. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995.
- Nedergaard M, Ransom B, Goldman SA. New roles for astrocytes: redefining the functional architecture of the brain. Trends Neurosci. 2003;26:523–530. [PubMed]
- Sofroniew MV, Vinters HV. Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119:7–35.[PMC free article] [PubMed]
- Goldberg MP, Choi DW. Combined oxygen and glucose deprivation in cortical cell culture: calcium-dependent and calcium-independent mechanisms of neuronal injury. J. Neurosci. 1993;13:3510–3524.[PubMed]
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